Excess Mass Stress Tectonics (EMST) and Z¥ Space
By
Stavros TASSOS
‘Excess Mass Stress Tectonics’ – EMST and Z¥ Space aim at proposing a
comprehensive alternative conceptual framework, among others, to plate
tectonics and big-bang. In short, ‘Excess Mass Stress Tectonics’ – EMST concerns the electromagnetic
processes which have been altering low iron minerals into becoming high iron
minerals, and how this on-going geodynamic and geochemical metamorphosis
of Earth is being expressed,
in terms of earthquakes, geotectonic, volcanic, and magmatic
processes, in the context of a solid, quantized, and growing
Earth. The far reaching concept of Z¥ Space, introduced by David
Ford, treats space as a
limitless, continuous, quantized,
and perfectly elastic entity, endlessly oscillating at
light speed, c, which is the repository
of all mass, and exhibits infinite resistance–rigidity at speeds greater
than c. In other words, actuality is expressed by the sine
(rarefaction) and cosine (compaction) functions of the cyclic motion, and not by their ratio–tangent,
i.e., its projection on the static horizontal plane. Trigonometric functions do not
dependent on radius (frame of
reference), which is constant and equal to 1, and represents the constant speed of light. Thus relativity and quantum mechanics acquire their actual physical meaning, i.e., a
wave of cosmic dimensions, e.g., 1025 m, name it gravity, and a wave of nuclear
dimensions, e.g. 10-15 m, name it strong nuclear force, have exactly the same quantum of mass–inertia and energy–tension. The difference is that the same
absolute space contains many more quanta, e.g., 1040 if the
comparison is between the weak “gravity” and the strong “nuclear force”. The material medium is not some discrete ether like particles, but the infinite material continuum itself. In that
context the only true “force” is the
tension of the oscillating continuous
space, uncertainty is a result of
its infinity, and the massless
field, black holes, dark energy and dark matter, annihilation of matter and
anti-matter, collapse of the wave function, hidden variables, etc, are
imaginary, nonphysical notions.
The implications are clear and profound. Earth,
as any planet, is growing and evolving, and is embedded in an infinite, continuous, quantized
(prime numbers), material, and waving space. Matter is standing waves
and anti-matter the mirror image of matter. Matter, that is particles-standing waves, is being formed in its core, which
is highly conductive, cold, high frequency, high potential energy, high
tension equilibrium (Lagrangian) point, with some liberty you could name it plasma, in which the synthesis
of new atoms of different
elements constantly occurs, and then are added around it. Anti-matter, i.e., oppositely spinning particle, is formed when an unpaired particle-photon-traveling wave, oscillating at exactly the 299792458
m/s of light speed, c, is accelerated linearly at speeds
greater than c, and because of the infinite resistance of space for angular
velocities greater than c, the particle is reflected
without loss, space curls up and
a paired standing wave, i.e., a particle and an anti-particle is formed. The newly formed particle and
anti-particle, e.g., electron and positron, actually two identical but oppositely spinning particles, oscillate at a higher frequency, but always at light speed. Thus, space due to its infinity
is in a steady state (scalar), and
due to its materiality is evolving (vector), and is becoming
“smaller”, but more “massive” and “energetic” with time, as per Planck’s
equation E=hf.
Since the tension of space increases approaching infinity, there is a constant and linear frequency increase with time. As a result, the higher the nuclear binding energy of an atom, the later this atom will form. Therefore, iron having the highest nuclear binding energy of all elements, 8.8 MeV per nucleon, should be the last element to form, and the fact that the bulk of iron rich rocks is younger than about 200 m.y. is supportive of the juvenility of oceanic crust. The newly formed in the outer core atoms that constitute the Excess Mass (EM) are emplaced in a solid state, atom by atom, the great bulk concentrically around it, and the active part vertically, due to anisotropy. Since the first elements to form were those of lower than iron nuclear binding energy, the primordial crust was granitic, with scarce concentrations of iron, as in banded iron formations (BIFs). Later on when the bulk production of iron started, iron was added in the crystal structure of the primordial granitic continental crust causing its oceanization. Another important property of iron is that under high pressure, i.e., high tension, its 4s orbital is brought down to the 3d orbital that can then be filled with 10 electrons, 5 more electrons than without compression, forming the reduced Fe (2-) anion. At depths shallower than 700 km the reduced iron atom is decompressed, acquires its oxidized low pressure-low tension configuration of Fe (2,3+), releases its 4-5 “excess” electrons, and becomes an effective p-hole semiconductor. Thus the matter and energy transfer from the core to the Earth’s surface is manifested by the positive gravity, geoidal, and heat flow anomalies, and is the cause of metallogeny and of the seismic and volcanic activity.
Therefore, in the EMST conceptual framework an earthquake and/or a tsunami is a series of traveling and standing waves (solitons), generated by an abrupt disturbance that vertically displaces the rock and/or the water column, respectively. When a large area of the sea floor is gradually elevated, due to electron inflow in micro-cracks, and then suddenly subsides, due to electron overflow from the micro-cracks, an earthquake and a tsunami can be generated. As it was dramatically shown by the 26 December 2004, magnitude 9.3 Giant Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the 8.7 earthquake of 28 March 2005, the greater the elevation and the elevated volume, and its subsequent subsidence, the greater the earthquake and the tsunami will be. This is an actual physical process, with actual forces acting on an indivisible unit, i.e., a quantum, of intact mass of solid rock, which due to the dynamic stress caused by the collapsing overburden rock volume, is forced to behave as a unit of elastic medium for a short period of time. The dynamic stress has a synchronous double effect: compaction, due to normal stress, and rarefaction, due to shear stress. In that context, faults are an inelastic secondary effect and occur when the strength of the rock has been greatly reduced due to the increase of internal pressure, and/or due to the action of dynamic stress that produced an earthquake. Therefore, there are earthquakes without faults, actually most of them, and there are faults without earthquakes. In other words, in all media, except Z¥ space where its continuity is never broken, rupture occurs when the linear shockwave velocity exceeds the maximum angular-waving velocity of that medium.
Finally a simple observation on relevant maps
shows that earthquakes and volcanoes in any tectonic belt, associate with high free-air gravity, geoidal, and heat flow anomalies, i.e., tremendous concentration of “excess mass”,
and “excess energy”, in space and time, and do not associate with
faults. For example, an
earthquake generating fault has never been observed, and the thousands kilometers long transform faults
in the Pacific basin are earthquake free.